Marketing Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Marketing Audit - Essay Example McDonald’s Australia is a constituent of the APMEA group. This group accounts for almost 18% of the total revenue generated by the firm and within this group China, Japan and Australia accounts for the maximum amount of revenue. According to the McDonald’s Australia Corporate Responsibility & Sustainability Report 2012, there were around 808 McDonald’s restaurants spread all over Australia as at 31 December 2009 (McDonalds Australia, 2010). McDonald’s Australia Limited operates its franchisee business in Australia and more than 70% of its restaurants are locally owned (McDonalds Australia, 2012). The head office of McDonalds Australia is located at Thornleigh, New South Wales and its four regional offices are located at Perth, Melbourne, Adelaide and Brisbane. Marketing Audit Objectives The primary objective of the marketing audit of McDonald’s Australia that has been discussed in this report is to increase the sales of the company in Australia so a s to generate increased profit for the company. The marketing audit has been undertaken to identify the various avenues through which the company can have a 7% annual growth in sales revenue generated in Australia by the end of the year 2013. Based on this primary objective other related marketing objectives of McDonald’s Australia to achieve its target would be to open up new restaurants in different parts of the country, increase brand awareness amongst Australian people to help increasing the customer base of the company, promotion of its products, and creating competitive advantage in the fast food retail industry by strengthening its core competencies and catering to the specific needs and requirements of people based on their specific tastes and preferences. Thus the marketing audit report presented in this study would help the company to identify key performance indicators that can be helpful in formulating the marketing strategies of the company in an effective and ef ficient manner. Marketing Audit Scope The marketing audit of McDonald's Australia would be performed using secondary data from various authenticated sources. The marketing audit would mainly cover five broad aspects as discussed below: Situational Analysis: The situational analysis of McDonalds includes its SWOT analysis. The marketing audit report would try to analyse all the strengths and opportunities of the company which could be utilised to achieve its marketing objectives. Moreover the identified weaknesses and threats of the company would also be helpful to suggest ways of converting them into company’s strengths and opportunities. Internal audit: This would include the analysis of the internal environment of the company covering some key areas like human resources, research and development, financial budget and marketing strategies followed by the company. Environmental audit: The environmental audit of McDonald’s would be based on mainly the PESTEL analysis th at would help to have a better understanding of the Australian market

African People in the Global Village Essay Example for Free

African People in the Global Village Essay Certain things happen in one’s life, whether one likes them or not. You can not stand apart from it; you need to experience the process of going through it. Let me give the example of a car. It has two types of movements-forward movement and lateral movement. The energy (petrol, gas etc. ) relates to forward movement, without which the car can not start. You have no control over it. As for the lateral movement, you as the individual driving the car, have the control over its speed-you can drive it through the royal road, narrow lane, drive at 120 kms. per hour or just 30 kms- or not drive at all. Just lock it in the garage for days together! You are living in a changing world- very fast changing world. The modified lifestyles, due to industrial revolution, the modern materialistic civilization, the internet revolution, are mind-boggling. You need to run your race, accelerate the steps, clear the hurdles and move towards the goal. Stop in between at your own peril! Survival under tough conditions and competition are not magic. Nor an element of chance is involved. The wise saying goes, â€Å"When the going gets tough, the tough gets going. † Survival will be extremely difficult for the African people in the global village, unless tangible steps, all-comprehensive projects are drawn up and implemented with speed and imagination, by responsible leaders and people. The test of the leadership lies in involving the people actively and willingly in such projects. African people in the Global village- the summary: Africa is a big continent. The vastness of the area, multiplicity of ethnic conflicts, the fierce tribal loyalty prevailing even today, the religious factors, the difficult past, the historical factors some of which do exercise telling effect on the African society and mind-set even today, render the solution difficult. John K. Marah, who is the Associate Professor and Coordinator in the African and African-American Studies Department at SUNY at Brockport, makes a concerned and well-studied approach to offer solution in the book African People in the Global Village and the possible direction which they need to follow. Moreover, due to historical reasons, African people (the black race) are spread all over the Western World. They are a noticeable political force, an awakened society in Countries like USA. Marah categorically opines that it is no use brooding over the past, its failures and bitter memories. He does the examination of the present situation from an open-minded perspective. Confrontation at every stage is not going to help the cause of the African people. They have to know their place and find out the ways and means to evolve within the global village. He calls it ‘multidisciplinary approach and well-rounded understanding’. Right from the beginning of the book, Marah is aware that he is up to a difficult task, and the subject matter of the book, â€Å"African People in the Global Village,† can not be discussed in isolation. Yet, he takes the direct plunge into the serious subject matter. The book has neither a preface nor a forward. For a highly sensitive and complicated subject like this, author’s detailed background would have been a helpful factor, but that is not given in the book. The biographical sketch is not provided. Nevertheless, it is a determined and well-informed effort to broach the subject matter which is so vast viewed from tough, social, political, historical, economic and cultural perspectives. The problems are ever growing like the octopus expanding in many directions and only a radical solution like Pan-Africanism is the solution according to Marah. But, to define Pan-Africanism is not the easiest of the tasks. He concludes that African people have no other choice but to move forward at a rapid pace, with the qualities of head and heart-be dynamic without destruction! Marah begins his book on a tough note. â€Å"African Sensibilities in the Global Village. † He fails to give a clear message in this chapter one can not expect him to do so. The subject matte is so vast, complicated and the concern of Marah to offer a desperate solution to a desperate situation can be seen. He realizes his limitations-the subject matter he is up to tackle can not be discussed in isolation—by referring to the conditions of the African people alone! Their so-called more fortunate brothers in America also have their own problems and deep fears on many vital and fundamental issues! It would be prudent to link the problems of the black people of America with the black people of Africa, as Marah rightly argues. At the end of the chapter he specifies, `in this book we examine the position of African people in Africa and the United States with particular emphasis on some of their salient predicaments in the global system. ‘( Marah, 1998 p. 16). Having said this, Marah realizes about the uphill task ahead for him, for he fails to give appropriate solutions or alternatives. The discussions in the book naturally and essentially take him to outside Regions, where black race matters. In chapter 4, he discusses this aspect in detail. The black people issue is like the issue of a flowing river. It can not be discussed in parts. The river as a whole will have to be discussed to understand it. Its beginning, its course of flow and the area through which it passes, etc! Marah has a message for the black people and the leadership. Some inspiring political and economic leadership has to take over and lead, to achieve the set goal. He makes a case for the entry of socio-spiritual leadership to play its role, because what the Global Village Africa needs is not only fine projects but fine individuals to implement the projects-that is what he means when he says about the ability of the people to survive in a new environment. New skills are required to push ahead in such circumstances. The thought process of the people requires a new orientation and change. When the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when he mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed; when the society is changed, the nation is changed; when several such nations are changed, the African continent will change for the better! Then only the African people in the Global Village will achieve plenty and prosperity. For survival, wherever may be it, certain basic skills are necessary, and African People in the Global Village, are no exception. Education gets top priority—the ability to read with understanding. Speak boldly so hat others can understand and appreciate your problems. It is not that you expect sympathy from others; but in a democratic society, when your fundamental rights are guaranteed by the Constitution, you need not be condemned by anyone either-you need not live your life like a baked potato always. The majority of the ills of African People are due to poor response to globalization. This lethargy is frightening and it will continue to bother and trouble them in every aspect of life, unless something tangible is done as quickly as possible. African people will head for an economic and social disaster and moral doom, if they do no wake up and react speedily.

Graduation Speech: Ill Never Forget :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

During the years I've been at Best College, I have learned what it means to be an adult and make choices that determine my future. I began attending this college as when I was a senior at County High School. My graduating class was just over 100 students, and consisted of students predominately like myself. My first class here introduced me to a more diverse group of students and I had the opportunity to study with people of all ages and ethnicities. As I became involved with the college's art and literary magazine and the student newspaper, I had additional opportunities to work with people from around the world. It's difficult to comprehend how much we can learn from each other until we are given that opportunity, and I know that I was given that opportunity here at Best College. Now, after two years of hard work, I am ready to move on. Although I'm excited about the next chapter in my life, I will never forget the tremendous people I've met at Best College. Many of the students I've met and the teachers I've had the privilege to learn from, have made significant impacts on my life. Stanley Kunitz wrote a poem called The Layers, of which I would like to share an excerpt with you: I have walked through many lives, some of them my own, and I am not who I was, though some principle of being abides, from which I struggle not to stray. When I look behind, as I am compelled to look before I can gather strength to proceed on my journey, I see the milestones dwindling toward the horizon and the slow fires trailing from the abandoned camp-sites, over which scavenger angels wheel on heavy wings. In a rising wind the manic dust of my friends, those who fell along the way, bitterly stings my face. Yet I turn, I turn, exulting somewhat, with my will intact to go wherever I need to go, and every stone on the road precious to me. In my darkest night, when the moon was covered and I roamed through wreckage, a nimbus-clouded voice directed me: "Live in the layers, not on the litter." Though I lack the art to decipher it, no doubt the next chapter in my book of transformations

Animal Farm, by George Orwell :: Animal Farm Essays

George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm takes place on a farm in England. Napoleon is the main character in this book and his character is a symbol for greed. Napoleon is a large Berkshire boar who receives great power when he arranges for the expulsion of Snowball. Napoleon changes in a negative way as the plot progresses. At first, Napoleon wants to better his life and the lives of all the other animals, but that soon changes. Power tends to corrupt some people, such as Napoleon who uses his power to change rules, control others, and shows favoritism. Napoleon uses power to change rules. The animals design The Seven Commandments of Animalism as rules which apply to all equally. Napoleon arranges to change The Seven Commandments to justify his wrong doing. After series of changes, only one commandment remains: â€Å"All animals are created equal, but some are more equal than others.† By having the power to make changes, he can make everything suit himself. At first there was the idea of a Utopia, heaven on Earth, but Napoleon changes that too. The Utopia changes to a dictatorship under Napoleon’s influence. Napoleon has the power to control others. He first gains the animals’ trust to become their leader and then plots to physically control them. He secretly trains guard dogs and makes them his secret police. Napoleon’s main concern is no longer all of the animals. Dogs kill three pigs for making confessions. These killings instill a mass fear among the other animals. Squealer assists Napoleon by speaking convincingly on his behalf and making him seem more â€Å"king-like†. Squealer aids Napoleon in his quest for absolute control or power. The animals are most afraid at the sight of Napoleon carrying a whip. Napoleon shows favoritism. His main concern is not all of the animals. Napoleon wants only to improve the worth of his and the other pigs’ lives. There is a caste system with two groups: the workers and the rulers. In this new system, the pigs are in the ruling class, and the other animals are the workers. The rulers were the pigs because they are better; therefore the workers are the other farm animals. Napoleon uses the barley crop to make whisky for himself and the pigs. The pigs wear clothes, learn to read, sleep in beds, eat on fancy dishes, wear ribbons on Sunday, and had to do less work.

Is the Philippines Truly Free Essay

In terms of fashion, culture and economy, however, we cannot say the same. The Filipinos still suffer from colonial mentality. Music, fashion, customs and tradition and products of foreign countries, especially the so-called stateside, are still being patronized by most Filipinos, especially the youth who unabashedly mimic foreign singers, artists, including their lifestyles not minding to spend lots of money just to be â€Å"in† with these foreign idols. Thousands of Pinoys are also dying to migrate to other countries. As a member of the Filipino youth of today I believe that I can somehow make the Philippines truly free by reversing the above negative attitudes. First, I will start from myself. I will think, talk and act like a true Filipino. I will live by the Filipino values like being polite and courteous, using â€Å"po†, â€Å"opo†, respect my parents, the elders and be fair to all. I will patronize Filipino made products so we can save the dollars of our country. I will visit and encourage visit to the local tourist spots. I shall lead by example by taking care of the environment. I will recycle plastics and use biodegradable trash as organic fertilizer. By doing so, we can boost our country’s economy and awaken the sense of nationalism in each and every Filipino. Not only will our country be appreciated by our fellow Filipinos, but also by foreigners locally and internationally. Lastly, I will keep myself informed of the current social and national issues so I can express my views thereon. I will encourage the youth to do the same so we can preserve the democracy in our country alive and help it move forward.

BUSINESS RESEARCH PAPER

BUSINESS RESEARCH PAPER Business Research Paper assignment is considered to be one of the most important papers to be written. Good business research paper not only covers major business aspects, but also includes such subjects like marketing, economics, advertising promotions, successful sales, HR management, etc. And, yes, as you start writing your business paper you should have knowledge of all these topics that must be included in your perfect business research paper or other essay writing. If find yourself that you do not possess enough subject matter information, then buckle up to get this knowledge online or library books. Prepare in advance, start writing your paper as soon as possible at least in your mind. Sometimes you may find yourself that you don’t have enough real-time experience or knowledge of business. Then you should consult others and talk to business related people in order to get more information that will be perfect for your business research paper. As a help, recall your previous corporate work experience and analyze existing business patterns. It would be great if your will include real-life experiences and examples that will make your business research paper complete and profound. In case you are ready to accept help from essay writing service, we will be able to offer you great price and quality. You will receive you’re A-grade research paper on time as agreed. We know that we offer great deal. Our friendly customer support service will have contact with your 24/7. Dealing with our company is convenient and easy. We strive to make your academic study experience to be positive. In order to receive your best business research paper, we will need very detailed and clear instructions from you. You will be able to keep regular contact with your professional writer who will be working at your business research paper. The earlier you place your order, the better price you will get. Business Plan Essay Majority of business companies have different requirements that‘s they need a clear business plan. The process of writing a good business plan needs to state clearly business goals. It should have a market overview and information about existing and present competitors. We have gathered a team of professionals who are able to write successful project that will include marketing, sales part, financial part, hr management part, etc. The most important part of any business oriented writing is creating a genuine statement. This business statement will provide a clear vision of what the business stands for and wants for development. We are ready to create for you a special declaration that clearly states the vision of your business.   All you have to do is to contact our customer service and order online a business research paper or other custom essay papers. A true business plan or business research paper will have a clear business structure of the particular company or business. It will possess the companys business strategy and rational mind analysis.

Notes from the underground essays

Notes from the underground essays The UM starts out talking about the office he worked in when he was twenty-four: apparently he hated everyone there and likewise, they hated him. The narrative then derails while the UM describes the Russian national character, which he believes eliminates fools and elevates Romantics who appreciate the "sublime and beautiful." Returning to his description of his life, he notes that he had no friends and was always alone, spending most of his time reading. He admits to satisfying his private desires in various "dens of vice." The UM then describes an incident in a bar one night in which an army officer moved him away from a billiard table as though he were a piece of furniture. He said nothing to the man, but fostered deep seething resentment for this insult. He would run in to this same officer in the street, and try to stare him down, but would always end up stepping out of the way for him (the officer never recognized him). He writes the officer a long letter listing his grievances, but does not send it. Instead he decid es to meet the officer in the street and bump against him instead of stepping aside. The event, when it happens, is anticlimactic: he and the officer bump shoulders, and the officer continues on his way, seeming not to have noticed. The officer is late r transferred, and the UM never sees him again. The UM then describes how he would spend most of his time either depressed or dreaming of grand lives for himself, all of which involve becoming an important charitable man, beloved by all. He remains caught between two extremesa hero or a hermitwith no middle ground between the two. Sometimes, the UM immersed himself so deeply in the "sublime and beautiful" that he would be filled with a great love for mankind, and a deep desire to see others. On these days, he would generally go to visit his supervisor, with whom he was friendly, a lthough the visits were always disastroushe would feel nervous and un...

Alexander Hamilton and the National Economy

Alexander Hamilton and the National Economy Alexander Hamilton made a name for himself during the American Revolution, eventually rising to be the untitled Chief of Staff for George Washington during the war. He served as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention from New York and was one of the authors of the Federalist Papers with John Jay and James Madison. Upon taking office as president, Washington decided to make Hamilton the first Secretary of the Treasury in 1789. His efforts in this position were hugely important for the fiscal success of the new nation. Following is a look at the major policies that he helped implement before resigning from the position in 1795. Increasing Public Credit After things had settled from the American Revolution and the intervening years under the Articles of Confederation, the new nation was in debt for more than $50 million. Hamilton believed that it was key for the US to establish legitimacy by paying back this debt as soon as possible. In addition, he was able to get the federal government to agree to the assumption of all the states debts, many of which were also sizable. These actions were able to accomplish many things including a stabilized economy and a willingness of foreign countries to invest capital in the US including the purchase of government bonds while increasing the power of the federal government in relation to the states. Paying for the Assumption of Debts The federal government established bonds at Hamiltons behest. However, this was not enough to pay off the huge debts that had accrued during the Revolutionary War, so Hamilton asked Congress to levy an excise tax on liquor. Western and southern congressmen opposed this tax because it affected the livelihood of farmers in their states. Northern and southern interests in Congress compromised agreeing to make the southern city of Washington, D.C. into the nations capital in exchange for levying the excise tax. It is noteworthy that even at this early date in the nations history there was much economic friction between northern and southern states. Creation of the US Mint and National Bank Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had their own mint. However, with the US Constitution, it was obvious that the country needed to have a federal form of money. The US Mint was established with the Coinage Act of 1792 which also regulated the coinage of the United States. Hamilton realized the necessity of having a safe place for the government to store their funds while increasing the ties between the wealthy citizens and the US Government. Therefore, he argued for the creation of the Bank of the United States. However, the US Constitution did not specifically provide for the creation of such an institution. Some argued that it was beyond the scope of what the federal government could do. Hamilton, however, argued that the Elastic Clause of the Constitution gave the Congress the latitude to create such a bank because in his argument it was, in fact, necessary and proper for the creation of a stable federal government. Thomas Jefferson argued against its creation as being unconstitutional despite the Elastic Clause. However, President Washington agreed with Hamilton and the bank was created. Alexander Hamiltons Views on the Federal Government As can be seen, Hamilton viewed it as supremely important that the federal government establish supremacy, especially in the area of the economy. He hoped that the government would encourage the growth of industry in a move away from agriculture so that the nation could be an industrial economy equal to those of Europe. He argued for items such as tariffs on foreign goods along with money to help individuals found new businesses so as to grow the native economy. In the end, his vision came to fruition as America became a key player in the world over the course of time.

How you would apply a semiological and ideological analysis to a Essay

How you would apply a semiological and ideological analysis to a television advert for a consumer product - Essay Example According to Gillian Dyer advertising is the "official art" in which beliefs and values through the brand are reminded to the people (Reschke, 1998). To understand the real meaning of advertisement its analysis are done to learn the techniques that are employed in designing the content of an advertisement. Media analysts have used different parameters of analysis to gain understanding of concepts interrelated with advertisements. This paper aims to analyze an advertisement through the most commonly used analysis methods called semiotic and ideological analysis. The advertisement selected for this paper is projecting a perfume named 1 million which is the new male fragrance by the Spanish leading colognes and perfume company named Paco Rabbane. Perfumes are considered as both essential and luxurious part of everybody’s life. When worn in daily life they are a necessity, when worn for formal occasions they depict a luxurious life style, elegant personality for women and sheer masculinity for the men. Perfume advertisements are always based on a sophisticated and sensational theme which is directly relating to physiological aspects of humans. The advertisement of perfume 1 million Paco Rabbane had been analyzed during the broadcast of 24th July 2010 by American TV channel namely AsiaVision. I have analyzed it semiotically to understand the hidden meanings prevailing within the text. Semiotic are basically the symbols and signs used within the text to create meaning. The signifier in this particular advert is no doubt the perfume 1 million where it signifies a young sexy looking man that uses the perfume to achieve all his dreams. Several iconic signs the moving objects have been used in the ad to convey the message to the user. To give the add a realistic touch they have made the use of many conventional codes set by our society such as firstly the color of the

David Carson Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

David Carson - Research Paper Example From that point, he primarily worked in a high around San Diego between 1982 and 1987 (ClubFlyers). At the same time however, he was carrying out some experimental graphic design given his role of as the Transworld Skateboarding magazine director of art. Apart form his duties as an art director, including filing directing and graphic designing; Carson was also a professional surfer. He had great interest and passion for in the culture of surfing, which eventually persuaded him to return to the West Coast. On his arrival, he played an integral role in the in launching Beach Culture magazine. Unfortunately, the magazine run for three years, but Carson’s approach towards design, especially typography, was a significant challenge towards the fundamental aspects and principles of graphic design and communication all over the world (ClubFlyers). The works by Carson are usually attracting and strongly communicative. He worked at Surfer magazine between 1991 and 1992. His straightforw ard graphics design style was in contrast to the later covers of â€Å"How† magazine. At the latter, Carson unique use of typography was evident, filling the covers to give an interesting and catchy introduction to the contents of the magazine. His next big break was his association with the launch of Raygun magazine, proceeding to design the first thirty issues. The market target for the magazine was the youth, conveniently sub-titled the bible of music and style. Apparently, the readers of the magazine were ore attentive to the designs by Carson rather than the conventional text content. This was a successful period in his career, after which his works began attractive wider audiences. His fame and skills featured in numerous mainstream publications, including the Newsweek magazine in 1996 and the New York Times in 1994 (Markpenfold). The publications were primarily discussions on the uniqueness of Carson’s communication ability through mass media prints using a new graphic design language, which according to the publishers, was beyond the level of words. Carson began working for corporate clients, including respectable American brands such as Sony, Microsoft, Ray-Ban, Pepsi Cola, Budweiser, Giorgio Armani, Nike, NBC, and Levi Strauss. This paper discusses four of his works, including the ray-Ban sheet, the Cuervo Gold sheet, the workshop sheet, and the internet sheet. The Ray-Ban sheet is a prime example of his unique graphics design, which is a commercial advert for sunglasses by Ray-Ban. While designing the advert for the sunglasses products, called Ray-Ban, Carson depicts the â€Å"O† as the sunglasses. This creative idea ran through postcards, print ads, and posters. In majority of his work, the Ray-Ban advert included, Carson prefers to include his name on the advert contents unlike most designers (David Carson Design). This tactic of self-advertisement prove successful to Carson as he had an opportunity to publicize his works as w ell as highlight that he has links with corporate brands. It is also important to note that his name is prominent than the brand logos in majority of his works. Carson second interesting advertisement was for the Cuervo Gold Tequila, incorporating heavy influences of typography. Carson’s texts in the advert are legible, as he displays lots of information while at the same time keep the reader interested. He achieves this by adjusting the spacing and type

Legal Memorandum - Jane's Asylum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Memorandum - Jane's Asylum - Essay Example She expressed her desire to seek asylum in the US, so that she could stay with her maternal uncle, who resides in California. She was also keen that her maternal uncle should become her legal guardian. In the usual course, Asylum has to be applied for, within a year of arrival in the US. Under extraordinary circumstances this condition may be relaxed. Such applications are to be submitted in Form I – 589, Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal. Thereafter, the Asylum Officer or Immigration Judge will determine if the applicant is a refugee1. On occasion, Asylum Officers interview a parent or trusted adult, so as to confirm guardianship information. However, the presence of such a trusted adult or witness is not mandatory, in this process3. Although, a minor applicant may be unable to demonstrate a guardianship arrangement or parental knowledge and consent; this does has no bearing on the grant of asylum. In addition, the trusted adult, in this case Jane’s uncle, could provide information, regarding her claim, if she finds it difficult to do so, on account of her tender age4. Whilst deposing before the Asylum Officer or Immigration Judge, caution will have to be exercised, in order to ensure that there is no misrepresentation of facts. This is because, Section 212(a)(6)(C) of the Immigration and Nationality Act, prevents the provision of asylum to any individual who seeks admission into the US on the basis of fraud or willful misrepresentation of a material fact5.

Target Marketing Strategies and Customer Relationship Management Assignment

Target Marketing Strategies and Customer Relationship Management - Assignment Example Pizza Hut is priced much higher due to its quality focus and satisfies this market over lower-income customers. Secondly, Pizza Hut is well-known for its family-focused in-house dining capabilities that appeal to large groups in the nuclear family structure (Huynh, 4). This is a unique characteristic of Pizza Hut over competition that appeals to families looking for quality meals for dine-in purposes. Pizza Hut is widely dispersed geographically across the world, therefore geographic segmentation or demographics are not very effective. The following is a positioning strategy for Pizza Hut using psychographic elements: Pizza Hut pizzas are positioned under price/quality dimensions. An appropriate slogan for the products might be Pizza Hut: Incredible ingredients for a more luxurious pizza experience for the discriminating client. Forget the other guys and tap into high quality at Pizza Hut.

Answers question based on case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answers question based on - Case Study Example Card is done using digital signatures that accurately verifies whether a certain user has an existing electronic document (Farhoomand & McCauley, 2008, p. 6). TradeCard is very strict never to disclose private information, confidential transaction data, or business details to external parties without permission from the users. Members’ personal identifiable information and confidential transaction data are only shared with other participating business partners and with TradeCard’s coalition partners. TradeCard uses a Global secure site that ensures the client browsers are highly confidential. The server certificates in this site have a strong (a 128-bit) encryption on all transactions between a client’s browser and TradeCard system servers (Farhoomand & McCauley, 2008, p. 7). Data integrity in any transaction is very important to people involved. That is the reason TradeCard system provides a high-level of assurance that unauthorized person cannot alter any data in a transaction. Digital signatures protect integrity of user’s documents in the system. The Global site system can prove the integrity of a document in future by passing the document information and public key into a digital signature verification algorithm. In case of any type of data manipulation, the verification process will be unsuccessful (Farhoomand & McCauley, 2008, p. 11). In its effort to provide secure means of conducting global transactions, beside from the strict application procedures and verifications followed via Thomas Cook and Coface, TradeCard has created a complex security system. The architecture of the system has three built levels of security; these are, 2-factor user authentication, server authentication, and digital signatures The Global Secure Site Certificate secures TradeCard system, where by the Secure site ID ensures the user’s browser is encrypted with the communications encryption of 128 bit for US web browser and 40 bit for an exportable Web browser. Each

Target Marketing Strategies and Customer Relationship Management Assignment

Target Marketing Strategies and Customer Relationship Management - Assignment Example Pizza Hut is priced much higher due to its quality focus and satisfies this market over lower-income customers. Secondly, Pizza Hut is well-known for its family-focused in-house dining capabilities that appeal to large groups in the nuclear family structure (Huynh, 4). This is a unique characteristic of Pizza Hut over competition that appeals to families looking for quality meals for dine-in purposes. Pizza Hut is widely dispersed geographically across the world, therefore geographic segmentation or demographics are not very effective. The following is a positioning strategy for Pizza Hut using psychographic elements: Pizza Hut pizzas are positioned under price/quality dimensions. An appropriate slogan for the products might be Pizza Hut: Incredible ingredients for a more luxurious pizza experience for the discriminating client. Forget the other guys and tap into high quality at Pizza Hut.

Commercial Banks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Commercial Banks - Research Paper Example The bank is regulated and authorized to run its operations by the Financial Services Authority. The employees adhere to rules and principles that are stipulated under the Banking Act. The bank is listed in the London, New York and Tokyo Stock Exchanges .Its headquarters are based at One Churchlike place in the Canary Wharf in the London's Docklands. It has several branches in Europe, America, Africa and Asia. The institution has been involved in corporate social responsibilities such as the campaign program known as the Prince Rainforest Project (PRP).The programs is aimed at creating awareness of company's products to the community and the society at large. The campaign involves building of the online community program to stop deforestation activities from taking place. It is a financial institution that offers financial services to the customers in the market. It is considered to be main market in United Kingdom. The services that are offered by the bank include; wealth management, retail banking, insurance, investment, wholesale and international banking services for its customers. It has a well established network in United Kingdom that helps in leveraging so as to be in a position to gain from more selling opportunities that are in the market (Lloyds TSB Group plc 2009). It consists of telephone services that are... It also has a very large cash machine network that aids it undertaking its tasks in the right way. The management of the company purchased several banks such as Governors House Apartment of the park Lane properties. The park Lane Properties was co-owed by a Kuwait-based ADDEEM Investment company and the Investment Bar. The reason for purchasing the property was to ease the process of accessing very vital information and to undertake analysis of the company's reports so as to be in a better position to understand the company's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. It has an agricultural account that helps its clients in offering personnal, local and support services that are aimed at meeting the needs of the customers in the right way. The account also assists the customers in enabling them to access electronic mail services as well as telephone services in an effective manner. Marketing share of Barclays PLC The share prices of this company were actually had fallen by 40% as at 10th May 2009.This resulted from investors lack of confidence in the company's products ,therefore people purchased their products . Barclays bank Share prices 2008 2007 2006 Basic earnings per share 59.3 68.9 71.9 Diluted earnings per share 57.5 66.7 69.8 Marketing share of Lloyds TSB The shares of this company were been bought and sold in the international markets and United Kingdom through using the online and phone forms of communications. The demand for shares also declined due to financial problems that were facing the country. The earnings of the company were to be distributed to the shareholders in form of dividend which

Two representations of women Essay Example for Free

Two representations of women Essay When writing literary works most, authors will agree that it is difficult to write a story without any inspiration. The writers will often have some motive, either from past experiences or something that can inspire an idea for a particular story or essay. Although the story or essay can be fictitious it can still change how society feels about a certain issue. The two works The Female Body by Margaret Atwood and The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin romanticizes the view of women in their own opinion, emphasizing ideas such as women being portrayed as common housewives, objects, emotional delinquents, and submissive individuals. The similarities include both authors has their own distinct impression of how women are being depicted in society and the conflicted roles of husbands versus wives or man versus women. The obvious comparison when comparing these two works is the aspect that they are both written by feminist. In The Female Body, Atwood is trying to express her point of view, or sway the readers to understand the properties of the female body. Atwood uses words that she believes society would view the female body. In the first section she refers to the female body as being a topic because it is constantly being talked about. My topic feels like hell. (Atwood 73) Atwood uses her body assuming that all other females feel the same way. Atwood goes and develops the female body as a renewable one luckily (Atwood 75) and that the female body will not always be accepted in society. When the body is young it has uses; It sells cars, beer shaving lotion, cigarettes(Atwood 75). However she mentions that those things wear out so quickly (Atwood 75) She explains that society holds a supernatural image of what the perfect female looks like in their minds. When most women do not satisfy that image they go in search of a renewable look, they can go out and be made of transparent plastic or acquire cosmetics to enhance their beauty, and lose weight to appeal their significant other. (Atwood) When Atwood suggests that the female body is renewable she blames society for making it that way because most females go under the impression that they are designed to look a certain way or please a certain audience. Kate Chopins The Story of an Hour present its readers with Mrs. Mallard, an old lady whose husband supposedly died. In this story the author depicts the common stereotypes that separate men from women, and as the reader progresses they find out that Mrs. Mallard shows an emotional weakness, vulnerability and most importantly dependence. Kate Chopins goal of this story is to suggest to the audience that women are expected to preserve the role that society implies on them. In the early 19th century females were dependant on males to go out and work in order to bring back the necessary money for survival. The female would be a housekeeper nurturing the children and cooking meals- typical qualities for women during those times. However as the story progresses the stereotypes start to diminish. Go away Im not making myself ill (Chopin 92) During the span of the hour Mrs. Mallard went from dependent and fragile to strong and independent when she told Josephine to go away. Additionally to the similarities of the two works exposing the generalization of how women are being expected in society, there is an idea that the authors highlight the importance of the conflicted roles between male and female. Atwoods The Female Body implies that the male brain has a thin connection and all their thoughts are sealed off in each compartment and thats what separates males from females. Good for aiming though, for hitting the target when you pull the trigger. Whats the target? Whos the target? Who cares? What matters is hitting it (Atwood 76) Atwood states that the male shows no emotional comfort in anything he does. Atwood also connects the simplification of the powerful and the powerless. The females body intention is to please the males by being used as a door knocker and a bottle opener. (Atwood 75) Women always try to please the men by using their body and sex appeal. Some advertisements for example show a vivid image of a female in nothing more then a skimpy bikini selling products like beer or cigarettes. In the contemporary world individuals never see the male body used to sell beer. The Story of an Hour also reveals an excellent example of the different roles between males and females, in this case husbands and wives. In this story Mrs. Mallard is tired of being caught doing the chores that her husband  expects her to do; she seeks freedom and liberation. Although death is ought to be a sad time, not all conditions would maintain that statement. For example if someone were suffering horrendously, it would actually be a good thing if he or she died. In the story it shows that Mrs. Mallard died at the end of the story but prior to that event it stated that Mrs. Mallard did actually love her husband, but often she did not. (Chopin 92) The story also suggests that she believed that her husband was frustrated with the marriage and assumed that she was too. This conflict revealed the sign that Mrs. Mallard was struggling for freedom, and when she sees that her husband is alive, she must die. This is the only way to be literally free from his gasp. When she had died of the joy that kills it leaves the reader to wonder about how she had died. Whether from the heart attack or she thought she had finally escaped her husband and is free at last. In conclusion, the similarities of Atwoods The Female Body and Chopins The Story of an Hour both imply the how women are being seen by the eyes of society and the important clashes between how the role of women and men reflect the common stereotypes. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. The Female Body The Mercury Reader. A Custom publication compiled by Angus Cleghorn. Boston: Pearson 2002. Chopin, Kate The Story of an Hour The Mercury ReaderA Custom publication compiled by Angus Cleghorn. Boston: Pearson 2002.

Relationship Between Neoliberalism and Neorealism

Relationship Between Neoliberalism and Neorealism NEO-LIBERALISM, NEO-REALISM   THE ‘NEO-NEO SYNTHESIS’ Do you agree that neo-realism and neo-liberalism have come so close together so as to form a ‘neo-neo synthesis’? Or is the long-standing confrontation between the two very much alive today? ‘This positivist-realist legacy has, despite slight differences and  dichotomies, persisted in later positivist scholars of international  relations: Robert Gilpin, Stephan Krasner, and Robert Kohane. Whereas  they have a number of differences to debate, namely anarchy, regime,  state cooperation etc., they belong to the Neo-realist research  programme which as been called the ‘‘neo-neo synthesis’’. Despite the  substantive debate between neo-realists and neo-liberal institutionalists,  Neo-institutionalism does not actually challenge but complements neorealism . . . This indicates that neo-realism and neo-liberalism are no  longer incommensurable: they commonly share the rationalist research  programme.’ (Toru Oga, 2000: p.3) This quotation is given at such length because it succinctly and excellently gives the theoretical foundation for the notion of a ‘neo-neo synthesis’, and for the merger and integration of neo-realism and neo-liberalism. For a long part of the twentieth century realism and liberalism, and later neo-realism and neo-liberalism, were bitterly opposed to each other at both theoretical and practical levels: the former espoused a economic and political ideology that viewed the ideal international community as one possessed of lassiz-faire economic policies, of free markets and limited government intervention; the later proposed, to the contrary, that the international community should be a restraint upon nation states, limiting and controlling their political and economic activities, and making them behave according to mutually agreed criteria (Booth, 1995). Considering the antithetical nature of these two positions, it long seemed to supporters of both camps that a synthesis of their positions would be both heretical and impossible. Nonetheless, in the mid 1980’s a convergence of the two schools did indeed begin to emerge as it became clear that their differences were not as great as they has formerly assumed, and as other schools of a more radical nature began to attack neo-liberalism and neo-realism alike (Kratochwil, 2000). As Oga suggests above, the two schools came to see that they were both working according to the ‘rationalist research programme’ and that this joint philosophy might bear better fruit if they co-ordinated their work. This essay however proceeds to argue, using the twin criticisms of John Ruggie’s and Alexander Wendt’s constructivism and Richard Ashley’ and David Campbell’s deconstructivism, that the neo-neo synthesis is but a verbal mirage, a rhetorical convergence of ideas that is not a political reality and whose theoretical foundation is both illogical and unhistorical. It will th erefore be shown that neo-realism’s and neo-liberalism’s long-standing confrontation is as alive today as it has been at any time in its history. ‘Social constructivism’ first emerged as a challenge to the validity of the neo-neo synthesis of neo-realism and neo-liberalism in the work of John Ruggie (1986) and Alexander Wendt (1989). The principal objection raised by these scholars to the neo-neo-neo synthesis was that it failed to sufficiently account for or explain the roles and functions of national interests and national and corporate identities in the domain of international politics. In the words of Oda ‘Firstly, the neo-neo synthesis is unable to explain how territorial states formed particular identities and interests. Secondly, it fails to explain how state identity and state interest are co-instituted. Finally, there increasingly emerges the normative factor in international relations, such as humanitarian intervention, which the synthesis totally ignores’ (Oda, 2000: p.5). The neo-neo synthesis is therefore criticised on three counts: one, it pays too little attention to how national and te rritorial identities are formed, and therefore does not have sufficient knowledge of these identities when needing to make informed decisions on international political and economic policy; secondly, this being a related point, the neo-neo synthesis does not make clear the relationship between how state identities are formed and therefore how states will behave internationally in the protection of their interests; and, thirdly, the neo-neo synthesis in entirely impotent when asked to make decisions regarding one of the most significant developments in recent international politics: the emergence of humanitarianism. Thus Ruggie came to define the opposite to the neo-neo synthesis, i.e., constructivism, with the following statement ‘Social constructivists have sought to understand the full array of roles that ideas play in world politics, rather than specifying a priori roles based on theoretical presuppositions and then testing for those specified roles, as Neo-Utilitarians doà ¢â‚¬â„¢ (Ruggie 1998: p. 867). If this constructivist position is accurate, Ruggie argued, then the neo-neo synthesis cannot also be accurate. ‘On the one hand, the sign of ‘sovereignty’ betokens a rational identity: a  homogeneous and continuous presence that is hierarchically ordered, that has a  unique centre of decision presenting over a coherent ‘self’, and that is  demarcated from, and in opposition to, an external domain of difference and  change that resists assimilation to its identical being. On the other hand, the  sign of ‘anarchy’ betokens this residual external domain: an aleatory domain  characterised by difference and discontinuity, contingency and ambiguity, that  can be known only for its lack of the coherent truth and meaning expressed by  a sovereign presence’ (Ashley, 1988: p. 230) A further attack upon the solidity of the neo-neo synthesis has been launched by the deconstructivism school founded by Richard Ashley (1988) and David Campbell (1998) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ the criticisms of both centring upon failure of the neo-neo synthesis to properly explain the anarchical nature of the international political domain. According to the rationalistic model of the neo-neo synthesis the international economic and political community must be ordered according to absolutely certain and definite economic and political principles that are open to scientific research and investigation. Likewise, it is a belief of the neo-neo synthesis that economists and politicians are able to make predictions about the nature of the international environment by using these scientifically determined laws of economics and politics; the above model cannot allow for capricious economic and political events whose causes lie outside of scientific prediction (Lapid, 1989). Deconstructivism on the other hand, as Ashley shows in the quotation above, argues that the order bestowed upon a nation by its ‘sovereignty’ is not present in the international arena where a lack of sovereignty produces events that defy economic and political laws derived from the economic and political conditions in sovereign states (Ashley, 1988). In different words: the international arena and the sovereign domestic arena are markedly different and behave differently according to different sets of laws. Thus Ashley came to speak of the international arena as place of ‘anarchy problematique’ (Ashley, 1988: p.201): a notion considerably developed by the other founder of deconstructivism, David Campbell. In Writing Security (1988) Campbell considers the domestic and foreign policies of the United States as an example of the dichotomy between sovereign domestic behaviour and anarchical international behaviour. At the domestic level, successive American governments, be they republ ican or democratic, produce prudent and conservative policies designed to operate within a narrow ideological range; such policies are designed to appeal to an average American mind-set that is fond of such conservative policies. American foreign policy however manifests itself in much more radical forms, most recently witnessed in the invasion of Iraq, including many policies that violate the political, moral and economic ideologies expected at home. In Iraq, for instance, American policy is forced to respond to anarchical conditions that require very different policies and practices from those employed the homeland of America; these normal freedoms and rights are suspended because of the changed anarchical conditions over which America presides in Iraq. The explanation for this policy and ideological dichotomy rests upon a difference of identity: American citizens identify themselves at home, due to long tradition and experience of certain rights and freedoms, as possessing these absolutely and do not permit their governments to make major deviations from these; in the international arena however the identity of those making policy is not so strongly tied to cultural or individual identity but is rather an abstract spectre that can as such justifies more anarchical policies. Thus Campbell famously stated that ‘Identity can be understood as the outcome of exclusionary practices in which resistant elements to a secure identity on the ‘‘inside’’ are linked through a discourse of ‘‘danger’’ with threats identified and located on the outside. Foreign policy, being those practices of differentiation implicated in all confrontations between a self and other, embraces both positive and negative valences’ (Campbell, 1998: p.73.). The neo-neo synthesis, according to Ashley, Campbell and others of the deconstructionist school cannot properly exist in the form it pretends to because it does not take suffic ient account of the anarchical element in international politics. In the final analysis, it can be stated with some assurance that the ‘neo-neo synthesis’ is a desperate verbal illusion created by neo-liberals and neo-realists alike when jointly threatened by the strength of the constructivism / deconstructivism critique. The eminent political scientist Francis Fukuyama predicted in his famous National Interest article of 1989 entitled The End of History that differences of economic and political ideologies would soon be a thing of the past as the world, driven by forces of globalization, came together behind the consensus that liberal democracy and capitalism represented the end point of human history and would soon create a homogenous political order (Fukuyama, 1989). Deeply influenced and threatened by the persuasiveness of such ideas, and so by the notion that their own ideological differences might become superfluous; scholars of both schools created the ‘neo-neo synthesis’ as a self-defence mechanism. This mechanism has subsequently been revealed as both illogical and irrational by the criticisms levelled against it by the constructivism and deconstructivism schools. The pretence of ideological unity is falsified by the practical manifestations of both theories, which diverge radically and which show that the long-standing confrontation between the two positions is as alive today as at any other time before. BIBLIOGRAPHY Academic Books, Journals Articles Ashley, R. (1986 [1984]) ‘The Poverty of Neorealism’ in Keohane, R. O. (edt.) Neorealism and its Critics (New York: Columbia U.P.) Booth, K. (1995) ‘Dare not to know: International Relations Theory versus the Future’ in Booth, K. and Smith, S. (edt.) International Relations Theory Today (Oxford: Polity Press). Campbell, D. (1998). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity (Manchester: Manchester U.P., Revised Edition) Cox, R. (1987) Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in the making of History (NY: Columbia U.P.) (1999) ‘Civil Society at the Turn of the Millennium: Prospects for an Alternative World Order’ in Review of International Studies Vol. 25 Fukuyama, F. (1989). National Interest article ‘The End of History’. George, J. (1993) ‘Of Incarceration and Closure: Neo-realism and New/Old World order’ Millennium: Journal of International Studies 22 (2). Kratochwil, F. (2000) ‘Constructing a New Orthodoxy? Wendt’s ‘Social Theory of International Politics’ and the Constructivist Challenge’ Millennium: Journal of International Studies 29 (1) Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (1985) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards A Radical Democratic Politics (London: Verso) Lapid, Y. (1989) ‘The Third Debate: on the prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era’ International Studies Quarterly Vol. 33. Oga, T. (2000). From Constructivism to Deconstructivism: Theorising the Construction and Culmination of Identities. PhD Thesis. Department of Government. University of Essex. Ruggie, J. G. (1986) ‘Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neorealist Synthesis’ in Keohane, R. O. (edt.) Neorealism and its Critics (New York: Columbia U.P.) Waltz, K. (1979) Theory of International Politics (New York: Random House) Wendt, A. and Duval, R. (1989) ‘Institutions and International Order’ in Czempiel, E. O. and Rosenau, J. N. (edt.) Global Changes and Theoretical Challenges: Approaches to World Politics for the 1990s (Massachusetts: Lexington Books)

Operating Systems Essays -- Essays Papers

Operating Systems Operating Systems An operating system is the program that manages all the application programs in a computer system. This also includes managing the input and output devices, and assigning system resources. Operating systems evolved as the solution to the problems that were evident in early computer systems, and coincide with the changing computer systems. Three cycles are clear in the evolution of computers, the mainframe computers, minicomputers and microcomputers, and each of these stages influenced the development of operating systems. Now, advances in software and hardware technologies have resulted in an increased demand for more sophisticated and powerful operating systems, with each new generation able to handle and perform more complex tasks. The folowing report examines the development of operating systems, and how the changing tehcnology shaped the evolution of operating systems. First Generation Computers (1945?1955) In the mid?1940's enormous machines capable of performing numerical calculations were created. The machine consisted of vacuum tubes and plugboards, and programming was done purely in machine code. Programming languages were unheard of during the early part of the period, and each machine was specifically assembled to carry out a particular calculation. These early computers had no need for an operating system and were operated directly from the operator's console by a computer programmer, who had immediate knowledge of the computers design. By the early 1950's punched cards were introduced, allowing programs to be written and read directly from the card, instead of using plugboards. Second Generation Computers (1955?1965) In the mid?1950's, the transistor was introduced, creating a more reliable computer. Computers were used primarily for scientific and engineering calculations and were programmed mainly in FORTRAN and assembly language. As computers became more reliable they also became more business orientated, although they were still very large and expensive. Because of the expenditure, the productiveness of the system had to be magnified as to ensure cost effectiveness. Job scheduling and the hiring of computer operators, ensured that the computer was used effectively and crucial time was not wasted. Loading the compliers was a time consuming process as each complier was k... ...or personal computers. Modern Operating Systems The past 9 years have seen many advances in computers and their operating systems. Processors continue to increase in speed, each requiring an operating system to handle the new developments. Microsoft Corporation has dominated the IBM compatible world, Windows being the standard operating system for majority of personal computers. Now as computing and information technology becomes more towards the Internet and virtual computing, so too must the operating systems. In 1992, Microsoft for Workgroups 3.1 was introduced, extending on from the previous versions. It allowed the sending of electronic mail, and provided advanced networking capabilities to be used as a client on an existing local area network. This was only the one stage in the vast evolution of the worlds most popular operating system, with the most recent being Windows NT and Windows 98, the latter being a fully Internet integrated operating system. Windows, however is not the only operating system in use today. Other's such as UNIX, Apple Operating System and OS/Warp have also had an impact, each new version more advanced, and more user friendly then the last. Operating Systems Essays -- Essays Papers Operating Systems Operating Systems An operating system is the program that manages all the application programs in a computer system. This also includes managing the input and output devices, and assigning system resources. Operating systems evolved as the solution to the problems that were evident in early computer systems, and coincide with the changing computer systems. Three cycles are clear in the evolution of computers, the mainframe computers, minicomputers and microcomputers, and each of these stages influenced the development of operating systems. Now, advances in software and hardware technologies have resulted in an increased demand for more sophisticated and powerful operating systems, with each new generation able to handle and perform more complex tasks. The folowing report examines the development of operating systems, and how the changing tehcnology shaped the evolution of operating systems. First Generation Computers (1945?1955) In the mid?1940's enormous machines capable of performing numerical calculations were created. The machine consisted of vacuum tubes and plugboards, and programming was done purely in machine code. Programming languages were unheard of during the early part of the period, and each machine was specifically assembled to carry out a particular calculation. These early computers had no need for an operating system and were operated directly from the operator's console by a computer programmer, who had immediate knowledge of the computers design. By the early 1950's punched cards were introduced, allowing programs to be written and read directly from the card, instead of using plugboards. Second Generation Computers (1955?1965) In the mid?1950's, the transistor was introduced, creating a more reliable computer. Computers were used primarily for scientific and engineering calculations and were programmed mainly in FORTRAN and assembly language. As computers became more reliable they also became more business orientated, although they were still very large and expensive. Because of the expenditure, the productiveness of the system had to be magnified as to ensure cost effectiveness. Job scheduling and the hiring of computer operators, ensured that the computer was used effectively and crucial time was not wasted. Loading the compliers was a time consuming process as each complier was k... ...or personal computers. Modern Operating Systems The past 9 years have seen many advances in computers and their operating systems. Processors continue to increase in speed, each requiring an operating system to handle the new developments. Microsoft Corporation has dominated the IBM compatible world, Windows being the standard operating system for majority of personal computers. Now as computing and information technology becomes more towards the Internet and virtual computing, so too must the operating systems. In 1992, Microsoft for Workgroups 3.1 was introduced, extending on from the previous versions. It allowed the sending of electronic mail, and provided advanced networking capabilities to be used as a client on an existing local area network. This was only the one stage in the vast evolution of the worlds most popular operating system, with the most recent being Windows NT and Windows 98, the latter being a fully Internet integrated operating system. Windows, however is not the only operating system in use today. Other's such as UNIX, Apple Operating System and OS/Warp have also had an impact, each new version more advanced, and more user friendly then the last.

Greek And Roman Arches :: History, Art, Architecture

Greek and Roman Arches and Architecture Architectural designs changed greatly since the ancient times. Most famous architectures and sculptures today originated from the Greek and Roman civilizations. Moreover, some of the inventions from those civilizations are also being used today, such as the arch, which originated from Roman architecture, and the columns, which originated from the Greek architecture. Throughout history, these architectures and inventions have become the foundations for our buildings, churches, and much more.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Greek architecture used mainly columns in most of their temples. The shape of the column was the most significant architectural factor. There were three types of columns, which were Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. On these columns would lay a magnificent centerpiece, which displayed Greek gods or any sort of decorations. On the other hand, the Romans’ architecture used mainly arches, which could hold much more pressure than a column. Romans also used columns in their buildings, but only in a decorative form. Arches were made of stones or bricks and placed on top of each other in a way that it can form an arch and hold weight upon itself. In most Roman architectures, such as the Colosseum, there would be a dome over the top to protect from rain, sun, or any other weather. The dome has a massive weight, so there has to be something to support it up, and this is where the job of the arch takes place. In these Greek and Roman buildings or temples, there would be sculptures of famous gods and warriors. The Greek sculptures were also different than the Romans’.

Heredity: Nature Versus Nurture and Development

Does heredity affect your personality, or is it your environment. Many psychologists have been back and forth on this question for years. Both of them can affect your behavior and development, but which one affects it the most? Heredity and environment are both leading causes of how a human being acts, and functions. From the heredity standpoint, however, it is proven that heredity does play a part in a person’s development and behavior.In a twin study, they proved that identical (monozygotic) children have more similarities living together and being separated and living with two different families than the fraternal (dizygotic) twins that are raised together in the same home. Having the same genes that your parents have, such as: eye color, skin color, and hair color somehow means that you have a partial genetic makeup as your parent, which could mean that you could also inherit their development and behavior. From an environmental standpoint, they also make a logical point.E ffects of early nutrition and toxic substances can also affect a person’s development and behavior. Many things can affect your behavior and development. It really just depends on what you believe or if you believe both. There are certain traits that a person has that is either considered physical or behavioral characteristics. To pick three behavioral traits for me personally, I would pick warmth, reasoning, and self-reliance. Warmth being affection or kindness, I believe that it was caused by my environment. My family, and close friends all have a â€Å"warm† side.I was always surrounded by generous people that always showed affection. Reasoning: finding an answer using various possibilities. Instead of being stubborn, I like to look at different problems in a different point of view. This trait is most likely a trait that I received through my environment, also. Self-reliance, I would most definitely say was inherited through my environment because of the things tha t I saw as a child. I watched my cousins rely on other people besides themselves and they are not doing well at all because of the mistake that they made to rely on someone else, rather than doing it themselves.Psychical characteristics, such as: thin hair, blue eyes, and the shape of my feet are all caused by my families heredity. My feet look identical to my fathers, I get my blue eyes from my father, and my hair being as thin as it is I get from my mother. There are certain traits affect development and behavior. Heredity and environment playing major roles. I believe that nurture has more to do with your behavior and development than nature does. Yes, you do receive traits from your parents such as psychical traits but, I believe that your environment determines our development and behavior.Effects of early nutrition (Ricciuti, 1993; S. A. Rose, 1994; Sigman & Whaley, 1998) concluded that malnutrition to an infant can cause a child to have limited neurological development and ha ve long term impact on cognitive development. Another research study, Effects of Toxic Substances can also affect your development and behavior. (Dorris, 1989) concluded that Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, where mothers consumed large amounts of alcohol during their pregnancy had children that lack motor coordination, delayed language, and mental retardation.Effects of the home environment (Bradley & Caldwell, 1984; Brooks-Gunn et al. , 1996; McGowan & Johnson, 1984) has plenty to do with development and behavior. Children that are raised around parents that do not care about what their children are doing, and how they are doing with school will most likely end up with bad behavior, and suffering consequences with the law or a higher power because of how they were raised and treated as children.A more stimulating home environment, where there are activities to keep the children busy, the parents are interacting with the children, and there are activities to keep their brain stimulated are shown to have children with higher IQ scores than the children with less of a stimulating environment that has to entertain themselves. It all comes down to what your actually believe. Heredity and environment both play roles in determining development and behavior issues.You can get your skin color from your dad being a cause of heredity, and your clothing style from the environment you were raised around. The nature vs nurture debate will never come to a full conclusion because of everyone that has totally different perspectives of the issues. This is just a situation where you have to view both sides of the argument and decide which side of the argument you favor the most, or do you believe that both nature and nurture play equal roles in a humans behavior and development.

Pricing Strategy of Alitalia Airline Essay

Price is very important to the seller of any good or service who wants to make a profit. This is due to the reason that most consumers first look at the price, before considering whether or not to buy a good or service. The sellers have to be very careful when setting price, so that the good or service does not appear to be very expensive, since this will discourage the potential clients from purchasing them (Schade and Schlag 2002: 43-52), (McGrath 2000: 37-43). On the other hand, if the good or service appears to be too cheap, the clients will be suspicious of it. There are many strategies that are used by sellers in pricing their goods or services. These include loss leader, price discrimination, cost plus, penetration, limit, predatory, premium, creaming, marginal cost, target pricing among others (Yates 2003: 22-29), (Nagle and Holden 2002: 26-37). This paper will analyse Alitalia’s problems regarding pricing, among other factors. Introduction Alitalia is an Italian airline that began operation in 1947, and transports cargo and passengers in several destinations throughout the world. This airline serves twenty five Italian airports, forty five airports in North Africa, Europe and Middle East. According to Iatrou and Oretti (2007; 23-28) and Hanlon (2007: 26-28), it is one of the members of SkyTeam, an airline alliance that includes such major airlines as AeroMexico, Aeroflot, China Southern, Air France and others. Last year, the airline transported over 24 million passengers which represented an increase of 1. 5% from the previous year. Nature of Alitalia’s problems Alitalia has experienced financial difficulties over the years, which are mostly attributed to problems with crew members and pilots, political interference by the government and labour difficulties. There have been many allegations of mismanagement and misappropriation of cash. Strikes by workers on several occasions have led to flight cancellations which further discourage customers from using the airline. According to Doganis 2006 (34-39), the government uses the airline to reward its cronies, further fostering its mismanagement. In terms of pricing, Alitalia is perceived by many passengers to charge very high prices which are not reflected by the service it offers. The airline’s customer service, among other departments is also not very effective, and many passengers have complained that the services offered are below standard. This makes customers move to other airlines whose prices reflect the services offered. According to Morrell (2007: 56-67), another problem that the airline faces is bureaucracy, and this causes delay in making crucial decisions. Bureaucracy also leads to inefficiency, since there is duplication of efforts (Wilson and Gilligan 2005: 22-29). Finally, the airline also lacks a clear leadership structure since most CEOs are changed very frequently, which hampers continuity. These factors have combined to discourage potential clients from using this airline. The end result is that the airline has suffered losses for very many years. In fact, since Alitalia began operations in 1947, it only made profit in one year, 1998 (Jarach 2005: 44-46). The net losses that Alitalia has experienced over the last decade amount to 3. 7 billion Euro. Government and private sector attempts to help this airline has bore no fruits yet. The airline has such major financial difficulties that stock exchange regulators in Italy requires it to file its debts, each month in order to monitor them. In 2006, Keegan and Schlegelmilch (2001: 55-61) add that, EU forbade the Italian government from injecting further capital, leading to its sale. Alitalia had a plan of filing for bankruptcy thus protecting itself from creditors. The second part was splitting the airline into the profitable and non profitable part and subsequently liquidating the latter. Comparison between FIAT’s and Alitalia’s problems and strategies. FIAT and Alitalia both experienced similar problems, not only in pricing but in mismanagement. According to Laux 1999 (33-38), FIAT began operations in 1899 and dealt with construction and agricultural equipment, commercial vehicles, aviation, natural gas and power distribution among other operations. It was however not doing well financially, with losses accumulating gradually each year. In 2002, the financial problems became clear after it was announced that the company had losses amounting to $1. 2 billion. General motors was a minor shareholder in FIAT, but did not see it fit to further invest in this company in order to help it overcome these financial difficulties. According to Simonis and Garwood (2004: 44-46), FIAT’s financial difficulties were reduced with the entry of Sergio Marchionne as the CEO. He made radical changes that streamlined operations in the company an improved efficiency. He also integrated an innovation facility specialising in innovating transmissions and engines, which was known as Powertrain technologies. The CEO also ensured that the joint venture with General Motors was terminated since he perceived it to hinder the development of FIAT. He also strengthened the governance structure and introduced non executive and independent directors. Alitalia, as discussed above can use FIAT’s solutions; the revolutionary strategy, not only in pricing but in overhauling the entire organisational structure. Other strategies available. Alitalia has very limited choice of strategies, since its problems go beyond pricing (Baker 2002: 17-19). Any other strategies used, that do not include the revolutionary strategy that overhauls the whole organisation, are not likely to increase the company’s profitability. This is due to the reason that the major problem for the airline lies in the organisational structure and mismanagement. Revolutionary pricing strategy. I would highly recommend a revolutionary strategy, not only in pricing, but the overall organisational structure, in solving Alitalia’s problems. This is due to the reason that most of the strategies that have been previously used have not been successful. In choosing a pricing strategy, I would recommend the penetration pricing strategy, which uses low prices to establish a grip on the market. The airline would then break loyalty that customers have on other airlines, and attract them. This should however be done after re-branding the airline, so that customers may perceive it to have changed for the better. In my opinion, pricing is not the major factor that caused Alitalia’s problems; Government interference did, as seen above. The government of Italy kept on pumping capital to the airline until the EU forbade it. It does not make sense to keep on pumping money into an organisation that is inefficient, since the money will just be wasted. Alitalia needs a revolutionary leader such as FIAT’s CEO, Sergio Marchionne who made changes across the organisational structure of FIAT. He also cut the company free from the joint venture with general Motors in order to create room for FIAT to grow. The CEO of Alitalia should do likewise, and free the airline from interference by the government so that there is room for the airline to grow and develop. He or she should overhaul the current organisational structure since that is where the problem is. He or she should then hire open minded, focused, competent and independent managers who will guide the airline towards prosperity (Pollack 2007: 44-48), (Rhonda 2003: 66-75). Other strategies. Organisational changes cannot take place under the current circumstances since the airline has already lost goodwill and reputation from its clients. The airline should be re-branded and a new vision which reflects the current goals and objectives should be set by the management (Buss 2006: 12-14), (Steward 1999: 44-49). The airline should also take advantage of the airline alliance that it is part of. It should utilise the goodwill of the other bigger airlines such as AeroMexico and use code sharing as a means of marketing its flights. It can also reduce several costs due to sharing resources with the other member airlines. Such resources include spare parts, personnel, administration buildings and others (Lu 2003: 55-59). This will reduce the amount of expenditure that it incurs, which is crucial in attaining profits. Conclusion and recommendation. FIAT and Alitalia both faced similar problems that went beyond pricing. In my opinion, pricing is not the major contributor for the decline of Alitalia. Government interference, mismanagement, bureaucracy and poor service, in my opinion are the main contributors to the airline’s downfall. The airline needs to adopt a revolutionary strategy in the entire organisation, like FIAT did. It also needs to free itself from government interference and re-brand in order to market itself as a new product. After doing this, I would recommend penetration pricing strategy as a means of attracting customers from the other airlines. The airline

Impact of Climate Change on Forestry in British Columbia Term Paper

Impact of Climate Change on Forestry in British Columbia - Term Paper Example There is, therefore, need to find out the potential impacts of climate change on the forests in these areas and if possible make recommendations on how to control the effects. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change argues that the changes in the climate of the earth will continue to occur mostly caused by activities of human beings that release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere (British Columbia and Barber, 2006). These greenhouse gases (GHGs) are mainly produced because of the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and oil, the cutting of forests and vegetative cover and intense agricultural activities. The release of greenhouse gases that are in the atmosphere usually depends on the level of economic growth, the technological development and how a region relates to other areas whereby in this research work, our point of reference is British Columbia in Canada. The climate of the world has been changing consistently over a period of time and this is evident with the rise in global temperature by a figure averaging between 2Ëš to 4Ëš C (British Columbia and Barber, 2006). The rise in temperature due to effects of climate change will also be accompanied by changes in the intensity of rainfall in most regions while the rate of warming will be faster and dynamic that may bring adverse effects to animal and plant life at certain regions especially the forests of British Columbia (Laroque and Smith, 2003). It is important to note that changes in climate usually has effects on the biological and ecological processes as well as well as affecting phenology of species, uptake of water and causing disturbances on trees such as insect pests, diseases, and drought amongst others (Dale, Joyce, McNulty & Neilson, 2000).  

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Select and profile an organization for the benefit plan-UPS I have Research Paper

Select and profile an organization for the benefit plan-UPS I have selected - Research Paper Example This is evident from the expenses made by the company in relation to the employees as well as retirees health along with the pension benefits. The company seems to have been participating in the various benefit plans such as multi-employer pension and health as well as welfare plans which is essentially trustee-managed. The benefits are provided to the employees and are generally enclosed under collective bargaining agreement. There are various factors such as improper performance of the investment, modification in the demographic and enhanced benefits for the participants that make the company contribute to the plans. It is worthy of mentioning that the company provides single-employer defined benefit as well as post-retirement benefit plan. The company also provides its employees with UPS Excess Coordinating Benefit plan thus providing benefits to the ones who are participating in the UPS Retirement Plan (Homestead, n.d.). It can be mentioned that there are numerous benefit programs that the company tend to employ on a continuous basis for the purpose of retaining the talent in the organization for a longer period of time. It is through such benefit plans that the quality of the work lives of the employees are improved along with significant enhancement of the personal lives of the employees. In the above section, it has been found that UPS has been providing its employees with numerous benefits so that the talent can be retained with the organization and thus the goals of the organization can be achieved. However, it has been observed that despite various competitive employee benefit plan programs, the company has few lacunas in its benefit plans. It has been noticed that the UPS is unable to offer its employees with the same benefit that Central States used to offer. After the company has withdrawn from Central States, the employees are supposed to register in the 401K plan in order to ensure that they obtain enough retirement income. It has also

Learning and Development is a Luxury that Organisations Can Afford Essay

Learning and Development is a Luxury that Organisations Can Afford only in Financially Prosperous Times - Essay Example Employers and employees both gain benefit from learning and development. From the viewpoint of employer, learning and development are significant to preserve or develop the knowledge, the abilities and the performances so that they can fulfil the business objectives. From the viewpoint of employees, learning and development help to accomplish performance goals in a successful way. They also deliver an outline to recognise new abilities and knowledge and apply them in the practical work environment. As a result, learning and development can also motivate the employees (ACCA, 2010). One of the most significant assets for every organisation is its employee force. In the modern business environment, knowledge, originality, and passion are crucial differentiators for any organisation or industry. Besides, when it comes to achievement and winning competition, advanced talents and proficiencies in the areas of mechanical, managerial or operational domain become necessary for organisations. Though abilities and knowledge are replaceable in the long-run, the cost of switching employees and providing required training to develop them is huge and it can impact on organisational performance (Mitchell, 2008). Investment in learning and development on a regular basis is significant to retain or ensure lesser employee turnover and inspire them to be involved more in the work and achieve the goals for the organisation. Organisations always require skilled employees who can perform efficiently their allocated tasks. In this rapidly changing business environment, it is extremely necessary to provide effective performance continuously. But the key conflict or constraint with respect to learning and development is the budget. Organisations that are smaller have less money to invest on learning and development. Yet, in present day’s even small organisations have more learning and developmental requirements. Contemporary business environment is different and it comprises of m any innovative technologies which were considered to be science fiction (sci-fi) few years ago. The globalisation is impacting the businesses structures and organisational cultures. New regulations are impacting the working practices, and employees have greater prospects from their companies and working lives. In the workplace, it is necessary for employees to adjust and to react with the fluctuations rapidly and without loss of efficiency. In other words, employees need to understand quickly new tasks, adjust with the new procedures, take additional responsibilities, grasp new technologies and obey the new legal necessities viz. health and security guidelines and data security among others (Clifford & Thorpe, 2007). Learning should be constant with the aim to maintain pace with the business fluctuations. Learning and development cannot be conveyed except when there is growth requirement. Growth requirements arise when employees’ actual performances differ from the desired pe rformances. The central idea of learning is that every person possesses the ability to learn if they are provided with adequate time and support (Clifford & Thorpe, 2007). Learning and development activities can be influenced by several aspects. Certain significant issues that impact on the learning and development are inadequate resources, traditional culture, embedded approach towards training, stress of

Food and Beverage Operations Management (Unit 5) Assignment - 1

Food and Beverage Operations Management (Unit 5) - Assignment Example Food production systems vary in methods of preparation, cooking and serving of the food to the customer. The variation is in terms of the actual location where food production takes place, the total time taken from preparation to service, the number of staff required, quantity of food produced and the level of hygiene observed. The main considerations in food production consist of: quality of raw materials, food hygiene, minimal wastage, proper food storage, suitable preparation of every food item, and employees’ compliance with food handling regulations. In the central distribution system of food production, food is produced in bulk off-site. This system is often adopted by large chains who are seeking to outsource part or all of their food production. This is also known as vacuum cooking: goods are brought in, prepared, cooked and portioned into plastic pouches which are then vacuum packed. The food is then chilled and refrigerated. When a customer orders meals, the sealed poaches are re-heated then the pouch is cut open and the food is served on plates. The conventional food production system is applied in the majority of kitchen establishments. The processes involved are bringing goods into the kitchen, storage (freezing, refrigeration or dry store), and preparation, taking order from customer, cooking and serving. During the cooking process foods can be cooked in a variety of methods. Menu is a statement of the food and beverage items available or offered by restaurants fundamentally based on consumer demand and intended to achieve specific purposes. The menu is the foremost ‘sales tool’ for products and drives the concepts, image, theme, quality and the overall mission of the restaurant. An efficient menu relies on precise combination of food items, prepared perfectly to the satisfaction of the guests. a) Consumers –Food and beverage operators are obligated to

Internal and External Force of Change for Synergetic Solutions Essay Example for Free

Internal and External Force of Change for Synergetic Solutions Essay Synergetic Solutions lets us know that change is something that will happen no matter what we do. Executing change is not as simple as acknowledging the need for change. Synergetic Solutions understands the internal and external factors that have required a change to take place, and desire to improve operations but executing the change can be difficult when met with conflict. Both employees and leaders must understand, through good communication, the need for change and the way by which to achieve that change successfully. To survive in recent market environment organizations need to change constantly with current conditions that are constantly, who can accept change survive and who cannot accept change and suffer the consequences. Changes brought a effect of strategic initiatives within a company and how it affects work design and organization culture. While change is occurring you can see opposition to change at individual and organizational levels, change agent has to implement various tactics to restrain the resistance and dead organization step reward to work on new strategies. Synergetic solution Inc. is a $6 million company in the business of system integration assembling and reselling leading computers brands. It has 300 employees mostly in the sales and service departments working in five locations across the east–coast. most employees in this trading organization possess only basic computer assembling and trouble shooting skills, while a few technically higher skilled individuals oper ates as the specialists. Harold red, chief executive officers made changes in to the network solution business of designing and implementing complete computing networks. He got four of synergetic brightest engineers trained and certified on networking technologies. One internal factor that has caused Synergetic Solutions to implement change is limited skills of employees. Most employees have basic skills to complete tasks but how many  continue with education hours to keep progressing and learning? As with Synergetic Solutions, most employees have the basic computer skills needed but only a few employees are specialists in a chosen field (UOP, 2010). Being a specialist requires more time, training, and education which most employees will not do individually but will do collectively within the organization if the organization provides opportunity. For any change to occur positively, employees need to be trained to implement new routines and daily processing of tasks that increase skills and abilities of eac h employee. With 300 employees who mainly work in sales and service, Synergetic Solutions must implement change to educate these employees to expand skills and abilities.Another internal factor for change is to increase revenue. The goal of Synergetic Solutions is to increase revenue every quarter and by 80 percent over the next nine months. To be successful and meet the goals of earned revenue, a change must take place. Synergetic Solutions is taking a look at the certification and training needed to redirect the organization from reselling leading computers to designing and implementing tasks.

Impact of organizational culture

Impact of organizational culture Impact of Organizational Culture on employees job satisfaction and performance Does the organizational culture have any influence on employees at workplace? There are so many factors which builds an organizations image in front of the customers. Among those factors, culture plays a vital role in shaping the structure of workplace design and the delivery of successful customer service. Lund (2003) states that in the past decades, economical researchers were thirsty for finding the scope of organizational culture and its influence in marketing issues in order to find the ways of making the performance higher. In the corporate world, employees work with people from various regions of the world which have a rich culture. The principles of an organization set the standards to a companys corporate culture. In a world where many corporate norms are adopted from the western culture, employees from other region may find it difficult to practice their traditional values and culture. This type of Western adoption helps create a conflict where employees feel that they are losing their traditions and values, and ultimately leading to a less diverse world. Each organization has their own unique traits which differs them from the competitions. The culture values will be acclimatized by the employees as they work along with the management and from the motivation they receive. The commitment of people working in an organization is inevitable to achieve the company goals and targets. This is based on the culture embossed in the company which can have a psychological effect on the way employees performed. If a certain type of culture is embossed on the employee it may force them to adopt a new culture other than their own. Rashid, Samashivan Johari, (2002) state that various researches on organizational culture have been done regarding the relation of financial performance and found out that encouraging environment of organizational culture empowers the employees to deliver their best. The economic growth of a company is derived not only from the management efforts but also from the bottom line employees who give their best to support the organization. When we look at an organizational point of view, a company always tries to maintain standards by enforcing a set code of conduct. However when we look at other industries for instance the hotel industry we see a large gathering of many cultures working towards one goal where customer service is primary priority. Hotels often embrace different cultures and show their appreciations by promoting awareness of the diverse cultures through celebrating National days which help other employees to learn more about the culture, language and traditions which has a result leads to a better connection between employees and management. Whereas if were to take a call centre outsourced in another country set standard rules are laid down to be followed when interacting with clients. This gives no opportunity for the employees to express themselves. However this can be viewed from another angle. With one solid corporate culture being enforced and practiced throughout an organization, it can help unify all its employees where they begin to think that they belong to the same company and therefore must work towards its benefits. This hence creates the effect of the employees being unified by one banner. According to Chang and Lee, (2007) a study conducted in Taiwan company found that the cultural values of people integrity, veracity and solidity have direct relation with their job performance and the satisfaction. The level of employee satisfaction can be graded according to an organizations view on how best to make use of its resources in the company . Different motivational tactics may need to be juggled by the organization in order to fine tune their employees. This requires them to conduct in depth research about their people in order to get their heads and learn how they tick. The level of Job satisfaction is also affected by the attitudes of the employees where their view of cultural values is gained from past experiences in different companies. This attitude differences can also affect their job performance directly or indirectly where they are forced to work in an organization, which has their own set of standardized cultural values and when expected to be followed by the employees. Every employee will have their own cultural background and it is the organizations responsibility to mold and bud in their corporate culture in the employee minds to stimulate the job satisfaction. When looking into the rising companies around the world, the corporate managements have strongly decided to give the primary emphasis on trainings and seminars at the workplace where the multicultural environment will boost the integrity of the employees. 1) Organizational culture and job satisfaction Lund, D. (2003). Organizational culture and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing.18(3), p219-236 retrieved from emerald. I chose this report because this article gives a proper investigation on the impact of organizational culture on employee satisfaction. The article makes use of modern day research techniques in order to provide statistical understanding and prove that theory between Organizational culture and job satisfaction is interlinked. The article also provides an in depth analysis of the types of corporate culture that exists in the form of a matrix. This will help lay down a proper understanding of the cultural impact. The article provides statistical feedback on topics from corporate culture and job satisfaction and some analysis between high and low job satisfaction. There are also figures on dominant organizational cultures. As a result of all this figures collected I will have enough statistical proof to justify my findings. Another interesting feature of the article is that it provides a step by step break down of how the information was collected and managed. The analysis section helps point out relevant facts which can help the reader see the importance of organizational culture. The author has also attached an executive summary and implications for managers and executives to follow the guidelines of corporate culture. The cultural typology utilized in the study for the journal is one of the many reported in literature and also the data collection was done individually with various demographic and organizational background which acts a strong root in the topic. 2) The influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on performance Rahid, Md., Sambasivan, A., Johari, J. (2003). 2) The influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on performance. Journal of Management Development. 22 (8), p708-723. Retrieved from emerald. Ive chosen this article because it provides an organizational commitment section. The section goes on to describe what the initiatives an organizations have done in order to improve performance of the employees described by the researchers. The paper examines the influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on financial performance in Malaysian companies. And the results indicate the considerable relation between corporate culture and organizational commitment. The study was lead by forming basic questions about the organizational culture and its elements related. The article is followed by the literature review which shed the lights on corporate culture and organizational commitment backed up by a theoretical framework. The structure portrays the leading path and relation between these main elements of an organization which are organizational culture, organizational commitment and the financial performance. Results and discussions of the studies reveal the types of corporate culture, types of organizational commitment with relevant tables of data to support. Finally the article is concluded by mentioning the emphasis of organizational commitment in the organizational culture hence advising the managemen t to implement to find the ways of encouraging the organizational commitment. 3) The influence of culture on perceptions of service employee behavior Kong, M. Jogarathan, G.. (2007). The influence of culture on perceptions of service employee behavior. Managing Service Quality. 17 (3), p275-297. I have chosen this article because it deals with my topic using hospitality industry as an example. The article looks at comparing service between in the US and Republic of Korea. In order to find which provides a better experience and underline the key differences in the two societies. The article also provides a questionnaire that is used both in US and Korea. The questions are designed in such a way to understand the distinctive points of each service. The results in the article go onto show the key differences the service staffs possess. They are also suggested possible ways to make best use of resources and trainings to get the best out of effort in employees. The data collection and analysis methods result in explaining the demographic characteristics and dimensions of wait-staff behavior and also regression with customer satisfaction. It also talks about the managerial implications by adding the points that employee behaviors are affected by culture differences nation by nations. Limitations about the study are discusses as employee behavior is associated with other things around and difference between the cultures. However a future research is suggested to back up the studies conducted. 4) A study on relationship among leadership, organizational culture, the operation of learning organization and employees job satisfaction Lee, M., Chang, S. (2007). A study on relationship among leadership, organizational culture, the operation of learning organization and employees job satisfaction.The Learning Organization. 14 (2), p155-185. Lee, M., Chang, S. (2007). A study on relationship among leadership, organizational culture, the operation of learning organization and employees job satisfaction.The Learning Organization. 14 (2), p155-185. Once again a quantitative research method was used to find the key differences under leadership organizational culture and the ability to learn in the organization. Results showed organizational culture is a very crucial factor that can affect the organization and an employees to learn. Though research was conducted in Taiwan, it provides suggestions for business administrators to understand that satisfying employee needs is going to be a tedious task but under the right leadership can be achieved. Instead of being led by a manager, employee needs to be empowered so that they can be future leaders and develop their future prospects. In the literature view, the author has mentioned about the leadership theories support and how they are important to an organization. Then it is linked to the organizational culture and goes on to job satisfaction of employee and also the relationship between leadership and the operation of learning organization in contrast to the relationship between org anizational culture and the operation of learning organization which gives a clear picture of general organizations the administrators developing methods. The research findings support the topic question by stating the influence of leadership, the organizational culture and the direct relationship with employee job satisfaction. 5) Organizational alignment and hospitality firm performance Crotts, J., Ford, Robert,. Heung, V., Ngai,H.. (2009). 5) Organizational alignment and hospitality firm performance. International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality Research. 3 (1), 3-12. I have chosen this article because it looks at hospitality organization either big or small in size, that require stern and good managers that are needed to guide their employees so that the moments of truth encounter by the guest is received with great satisfaction and awe. As a result the firms goals and aims are established. In order to achieve this, the article looked into different propositions offered to the employees used to get these aims accomplished. The findings of the research provided in sight into different groups in the organization and how they align themselves with the goals of the company. Another important finding was the fact that high organizational support led to high employee commitment as compared to low organizational commitment. These findings prove helpful as managers can use these findings in order to use proper assessment tools and effectively manage the firm. The article goes on to explain various organizational types and methodology and their commitment to their employees. A figure used to describe conceptual cause in the article helps bring a clear concise view of the topic and helps break it down for readers to understand. As like many of the articles found it is backed by valid statistical information. 6) The Impact of culture on Organizational performance in selected textile firms in Nigeria Aluko, M. (2005). 6) The Impact of culture on Organizational performance in selected textile firms in Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies.12 (2). P164-179 This article was chosen in order to substantiate my point that sometime a common culture being followed leads to better communication in the organization. Due to the common goal being followed it leads to forming a link between employees where they strive to work for a common goal. The article also provided interesting insight on other cultures like Japanese and Americans from the Nigerian perspective. This can be used in order to reinforce my theory of the them and us attitude. It further explores areas of psychology like Power distance, individualism vs. collectivism, quantity of life vs. quality and long term vs. short term orientation. These topics provide the readers with a psychology point of view on the topic. A bit of anthropology is also brought into the picture as well through the study of the different Nigerian cultures as well. A combination of these elements can be used to prove the different norms practiced and how it effects organizations. As like my other articles statistics and graphical images are used to keep the readers interest and drive the point through. 7) The effect of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cross-cultural service encounters Sizoo, S. Plank, R. Iskat, W. Serrie, H.. (2005). 7) The effect of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cross-cultural service encounters. Journal of Service Marketing. 19 (4), p245-255. The basic aim of choosing this article is the interlink between intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cross-cultural service encounters has been well defined by the authors. The research for this article was done in United States and the methodology of the research is well clarified with the methods. An executive summary is attached to the article which is meant to help the mangers and executives especially for the HR heads. When the impact of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance is strong in this era, the quality of service delivery of employees to the customers is really important to achieve in the financial performance of an organization as well as for the growth of the concern. Intercultural sensitivity is been referred to as an attitude which enables an individual to interact effectively with the people from cultural diversity. The figures in the article show the stability of collected data and the recent reports about the US economy in relation with the service growth and happy customers. The research of the study was set up in four and five star hotels in the Florida State of US, including the hospitality industry leaders. These authors have observed the cultures effect on customer behavior and effects which are directly affected by the job satisfaction of the employees. References Aluko, M. (2005). 6) The Impact of culture on Organizational performance in selected textile firms in Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies.12 (2). P164-179 Crotts, J., Ford, Robert,. Heung, V., Ngai,H.. (2009). 5) Organizational alignment and hospitality firm performance. International Journal of Culture Tourism and Hospitality Research. 3 (1), 3-12. Kong, M. Jogarathan, G.. (2007). The influence of culture on perceptions of service employee behavior. Managing Service Quality. 17 (3), p275-297. Lee, M., Chang, S. (2007). A study on relationship among leadership, organizational culture, the operation of learning organization and employees job satisfaction.The Learning Organization. 14 (2), p155-185. Lund, D. (2003). Organizational culture and job satisfaction. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing.18(3), p219-236 retrieved from emerald. Rahid, Md., Sambasivan, A., Johari, J. (2003). 2) The influence of corporate culture and organizational commitment on performance. Journal of Management Development. 22 (8), p708-723. Retrieved from emerald. Sizoo, S. Plank, R. Iskat, W. Serrie, H.. (2005). 7) The effect of intercultural sensitivity on employee performance in cross-cultural service encounters. Journal of Service Marketing. 19 (4), p245-255.